| Solar panel | Solar panel are devices that transform sunlight into using photovoltaic cells. They serve as an environmentally friendly and sustainable energy source, decreasing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a system that captures sunlight to convert heat, generally used for hot water production or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sun rays to generate heat, which can be used for water heating systems, space warming, or power generation. It is a sustainable and eco-friendly technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the UK known for its rich cultural legacy, famous sights, and bustling cities like the capital. It boasts a varied terrain of gentle slopes, historic forts, and busy metropolitan areas that mix history with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the environmental radiance emitted by the sun, vital for living organisms on Earth as it offers energy for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a kind of energy due to the movement of charged particles, primarily electrons. It powers numerous appliances and systems, enabling modern life and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a reversed electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the unidirectional movement of electric charge, usually produced by battteries, power supplies, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it crucial for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a instrument that accumulates chemical energy and transforms it into electric power to run various electronic devices. It consists of one or more electrochemical cells, each containing anode and cathode divided by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels made of solar cells. It is an green energy option that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and supports renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a unit that changes DC created by solar panels into AC fit for domestic use and grid integration. It is essential for enhancing energy performance and ensuring reliable, reliable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips direction cyclically, typically used in residential and industrial power supplies. It permits effective transmission of electricity over extended spans and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that regulates the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and harm. It provides efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a device used to ascertain the extent, volume, or level of something accurately. It includes gadgets like rulers, climate gauges, and barometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically adjusts the orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This innovation enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are large-scale facilities that utilize sunlight to generate electricity using numerous solar panels. They supply a green and sustainable energy resource, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves setting up photovoltaic cells on building roofs to generate electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps minimize reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-tied solar energy setup converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with solar arrays that gather solar radiation and transform into electrical energy. This energy is then beamed to our planet for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the power grid for future use, boosting energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These systems commonly employ batteries to deliver backup energy, reduce energy costs, and support grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar cells documents the advancement and innovations in photovoltaic technology from the initial invention of the solar effect to current high-performance solar arrays. It features major innovations, including the invention of the first silicon solar cell in 1954 and continuous advances that have substantially improved energy transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French-born scientist renowned for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and glow. His experiments laid the groundwork for comprehending how illumination interacts with particular materials to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for discovering the photo-conductive property of Se in 1873. His work formed the basis for the development of the photoconductive cell and progress in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free platform used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an US creator who invented the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work laid the foundation for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-powered power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with finding the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductor. His work paved the way for modern solar energy technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a famous innovative organization traditionally associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the origin of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, famous for its key role in the fabrication of electronics and solar cells. It is a solid, breakable crystalline material with a bluish-gray sheen, predominantly employed as a semi-conductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a little device installed on each solar panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This technology improves system performance, enables improved performance monitoring, and improves energy production in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a component that transforms sunlight directly into electricity through the solar energy process. It is often used in solar arrays to supply a green and renewable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that delivers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon acts as a basic particle representing a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum and energy without containing rest mass. It has a key role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the mechanism by which specific substances turn sunlight straight into electricity through the production of charge carriers. This phenomenon is the core foundation behind solar panel systems, facilitating the utilization of solar energy for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a slim slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for creating integrated circuits. It functions as the main platform where microchips are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic devices due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its organized, systematic crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar power system characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a reduced expense. They use strata of semiconductor substances just several micrometers in thickness to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of structural elements and fixed equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as people, fixtures, and external influences. Both are essential considerations in building planning to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components end-to-end, so the same current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components across the same voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification refers to the velocity at which electrical energy is transferred by an electrical network, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. It is generated through various sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and green energy, and is essential for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a unit of power in the International System of Units, representing the measure of energy movement or conversion. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic voltage difference between two points, which causes the movement of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in V and represents the work per individual charge ready to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the base unit of electric potential, voltage difference, and voltage in the SI system. It measures the potential energy per unit charge between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the movement of electrical charge through a conductor, usually measured in amperes. It is necessary for energizing electronic equipment and allowing the operation of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the measure of electrical flow in the SI units, represented by A. It indicates the flow of electric charge through a wire over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the design and size of power systems to ensure secure and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical housing used to protect wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a safe and dependable manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a convenient and standardized method of supplying electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for powering and supplying a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a instrument that converts direct current (DC) from supplies like batteries or solar arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for household appliances. It permits the operation of regular electrical equipment in settings where only direct current electricity is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack is an collection of numerous individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically regulate the position of solar panels to monitor the sun movement throughout the day, enhancing solar energy capture. This technology increases the effectiveness of solar energy collection by ensuring ideal panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to optimize the power generation of solar energy systems by regularly modifying the operating point to match the maximum power point of the photovoltaic modules. This process guarantees the most efficient energy extraction, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to boost energy output by separately improving the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by reducing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a instrument that monitors and analyzes the efficiency of solar panel systems in instantaneous, offering useful data on energy generation and system health. It assists enhance solar power output by detecting faults early and guaranteeing optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are lightweight, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are frequently used in photovoltaic modules to power homes, appliances, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of numerous small silicon crystal structures, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its creation involves melting and recrystallizing silicon to form a ultra-pure, polycrystalline type fit for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a ultra-pure type of silicon with a uniform lattice framework, making it very effective for use in solar panels and electronics. Its homogeneous formation allows for improved electron flow, resulting in superior efficiency compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics represent a kind of thin-film solar method that presents a affordable and efficient alternative for large-scale solar energy production. They are known as their high absorption performance and moderately affordable manufacturing expenses in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are flexible photovoltaic devices that use a layered compound of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium to transform sunlight into energy effectively. They are noted for their excellent light capturing efficiency, bendability, and potential for compact, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a amorphous atomic structure, making it easier to handle and more straightforward to layer than crystalline silicon. It is often used in solar panels and electronic systems due to its economic advantage and flexible features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are innovative photovoltaic devices that employ multiple p-n junctions layered together to capture a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially increasing their efficiency. They are mostly used in space missions and high-efficiency solar power systems due to their excellent energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are essential devices that convert solar radiation into electric power to supply onboard equipment. They are typically lightweight, durable, and built for efficient operation in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metallic component, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor recognized for its high electron mobility and effectiveness in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ focusing elements or mirrors to focus sunlight onto highly efficient multi-layer solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This technique is ideal for large-scale solar power plants in zones with sunny sunlight, providing a cost-effective approach for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and flexible form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CuInGaSe2 as the light-absorbing layer, known for excellent energy conversion and flexibility. They offer a easy-to-handle, budget-friendly alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with reliable operation in various environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a slender layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in diverse technological uses. These coatings are vital in electronic systems, light manipulation, and coatings for their particular physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a stratum of substance spanning a few nanometers to a few microns in depth, often coated on surfaces for purposeful functions. These films are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and medicine, to modify surface characteristics or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to illustrate minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are accurate measuring instruments used to exactly measure small distances or widths, commonly in manufacturing and manufacturing. They feature a scaled screw mechanism that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a fine, ring-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the substrate for constructing semiconductor devices. It serves as the foundational material in the fabrication of semiconductor chips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are compact photovoltaic devices recognized for their superior output and bendability, making them suitable for multiple fields. They utilize a layered semiconductor structure that turns sunlight immediately into electricity with remarkable efficiency in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a mottled appearance. It is known for being cost-effective and having a comparatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into power using PV cells, offering a green energy source for residential, business, and grid applications. They offer a eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective way to cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduce carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that turns sunlight into power using a photosensitive dye to absorb light and create electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and versatile alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for clear and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This technology offers the potential for cost-effective, adaptable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are solar cells that utilize carbon-based compounds, to turn solar radiation into electricity. They are easy to handle, pliable, and provide cost-effective, extensive solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential electronic compound used in laminate solar cells due to its plentiful and non-toxic elements. Its excellent optical-electronic properties make it an attractive alternative for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roofing, facades, and windows. This modern approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining design elegance and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material with minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to scatter through, hiding detailed view but yet still permitting shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves applying a light film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices windows to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and gives a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of photovoltaic power stations information various extensive solar energy installations around the globe, showcasing their capacities and positions. These facilities function a crucial role in renewable energy generation and global efforts to lower carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are massive facilities that turn sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels. They are crucial in sustainable power creation, cutting dependence on fossil fuels, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of issues such as pollution, climatic shifts, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote green approaches and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from environmentally friendly sources that are renewably replenished, such as the sun, breezes, and hydroelectric power. It offers a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, decreasing environmental impact and supporting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-sustainable energy resources, such as coal, crude oil, and methane, are non-replenishable supplies formed over extensive periods and are depleted when used. They are the main energy sources for power production and vehicle operation but pose ecological and environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and sustainable resources into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in power stations where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electricity for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, harmful elements such as Pb, quicksilver, cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance assesses how efficiently a solar panel transforms sunlight into convertible energy. Improving this Solar-cell efficiency is key for increasing renewable energy production and cutting reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when light shining on a metallic surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This occurrence provided critical proof for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves subjecting products to elevated stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of photovoltaics has quickened rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and reducing prices. This development is revolutionizing the international energy scene by boosting the percentage of sustainable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power plants built to generate electricity on a business scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover extensive areas and utilize solar panels or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a clear instrument that refracts light to bring together or separate rays, forming images. It is often used in devices like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a thin layer applied to optical surfaces to reduce glare and improve light transmission. It enhances the clarity and luminosity of lenses by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that their amplitude levels negate each other, leading to a decrease or complete elimination of the combined wave. This occurrence usually happens when these waves are not in phase by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is a type of electrical flow that periodically reverses, typically used in power supply systems. Its voltage varies sinusoidally throughout its cycle, permitting cost-effective transfer over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a tiny device used to change direct current (DC) from a single solar module into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use. It improves system performance by enhancing energy production at the module level and simplifies installation and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC power, is electrical energy delivered through a network where the voltage level and electric current periodically reverse orientation, enabling efficient transmission over extended ranges. It is generally used in households and industries to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a type of electrical coupling used to deliver DC energy from a energy source to an electronic device. It typically consists of a tube-shaped plug and socket that guarantee a secure and consistent link for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a international safety certification organization that tests and approves products to guarantee they adhere to specific protection requirements. It assists consumers and firms recognize trustworthy and protected products through rigorous evaluation and examination methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electronic networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this arrangement, the identical electric current passes through all parts, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electrical circuits where elements are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple routes for current flow. This configuration allows units to operate separately, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode acts as a solid-state device that permits current to move in a single way exclusively, serving as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12 volt, created to deliver electrical energy for various devices and attachments inside a automobile. It allows users to recharge electronic devices or use small electronics when on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripherals to computing systems, allowing information exchange and power supply. It accommodates a broad spectrum of peripherals such as keypads, mice, external drives, and mobile phones, with different revisions providing faster speeds and improved functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into usable energy. Boosting this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy production and making solar power economical and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to research and development in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It aims to advance breakthroughs in solar, wind, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to enable a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic waves, ranging from wireless signals to gamma radiation, all possessing different lengths and energy levels. This band is fundamental to a wide array of devices and natural phenomena, enabling signal transmission, diagnostic imaging, and insight into the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a type of EM radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the sun. It has a important role in such as vitamin D synthesis but can also result in skin injury and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color palette based on variations of a single hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This design approach emphasizes clarity and elegance by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per square meter. It is a crucial parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the strength of sunlight reaching a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to quantify the intensity of power or power received or emitted over a specific area, commonly in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in grasping the dispersion and movement of energy across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of different colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is commonly used to illustrate the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a big mass of air's with relatively uniform temperature and dampness properties, deriving from from certain source regions. These air masses affect weather systems and atmospheric situations as they travel over diverse areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the assessment of the intensity per square meter received from the Sun in the form of light. It fluctuates with solar cycles and atmospheric factors on Earth, impacting climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar power refers to the buildup of debris, and impurities on the exterior of solar panels, which decreases their output. Regular cleaning and servicing are essential to minimize energy decrease and guarantee best operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when no current is flowing, spanning its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the peak electrical current that passes through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, skipping the normal load. It poses a considerable safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the peak power generation of a solar module under optimal sunlight conditions. It indicates the panel's peak capacity to generate electricity in conventional testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to determine the potential difference between separate points in a circuit. It is frequently utilized in numerous electrical and electronic setups to maintain proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in photovoltaic modules where high voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power generation and performance. It occurs due to current leakage and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi metallic chemical element essential for plant development and used in various industrial uses, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It possesses special chemical traits that make it useful in creating durable, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a robust and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant captures sunlight using vast collections of photovoltaic panels to create renewable electricity. It supplies an environmentally friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated approach of utilizing land for both solar energy output and cultivation, maximizing space and resources. This method enhances crop production while concurrently producing renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar energy devices capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, enhancing overall energy production. They are commonly positioned in a way that enhances performance by taking advantage of albedo reflection and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a framework that provides shelter while creating electricity through integrated solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a assembly of multiple solar modules arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in green energy setups to generate renewable, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a framework that offers shade and shelter from the weather for outdoor living spaces. It boosts the functionality and aesthetic appeal of a terrace, making it a pleasant area for leisure and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the measurement between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of objects in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference direction, typically true north, to the line linking an observer to a target object. It is frequently used in routing, surveying, and celestial observation to define the orientation of an celestial body relative to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor material widely used in thin film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and affordability. It exhibits superb optical features, making it a common option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An catalog of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions across the globe. These companies are key in promoting solar energy implementation and advancement across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a quantity of power equal to 1,000,000,000 W, used to assess big electricity production and utilization. It is generally associated with power plants, electricity networks, and large-scale energy initiatives worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a international leader in solar PV energy solutions, specializing in making thin film-based solar modules that provide excellent efficiency and low-cost energy production. The company is dedicated to sustainable renewable energy advancement and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through innovative solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in effortlessly connecting various components of manufacturing and automation systems to improve performance and reliability. It aims on creating innovative solutions that enable efficient communication and interoperability among various technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a prominent Chinese corporation specializing in manufacturing and innovating solar solar products and solutions. Renowned for its advanced technology and sustainable energy initiatives within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often utilized to describe the capacity of large-scale electricity production or usage. It emphasizes the huge energy magnitude involved in contemporary energy framework and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the concept where the unit cost reduces as cumulative output rises, due to gaining knowledge and optimization achieved over time. This concept highlights the importance of stored knowledge in reducing costs and enhancing efficiency in industrial processes and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This technology is a environmentally friendly, renewable energy source that aids lessen reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of producing solar or wind energy is the same as or less than the cost of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity indicates that sustainable energy sources are cost-effectively competitive with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the primary electrical power supplied to homes and companies through a grid of power lines, providing a dependable source of energy for different appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the country, and is delivered through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all parts of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is vital for guaranteeing the effective and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | The sun's power is absorbed from the solar radiation using PV panels to convert electricity or through solar heating systems to generate heat. It is a renewable, sustainable, and planet-friendly power supply that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in residential, corporate, and manufacturing settings to create clean, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, providing renewable energy solutions where conventional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar-powered products features a range of gadgets that utilize sunlight to produce energy, encouraging eco-friendly and sustainable living. These solutions include covering solar power banks and lights to household devices and outdoor gear, providing multi-purpose solutions for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar energy facility is a plant that converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar modules. It is a renewable energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV utilize optical lenses and mirrors focusing solar radiation on high-performance solar cells, considerably boosting energy capture using less space. This method works well in areas with direct, strong sunlight and offers a promising approach to cut expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
